Blue collar jobs Essay

Are manual occupations less valued? Mike rose, thinks there are no decent amount of acknowledgment among individuals in the common laborers society. Rose was focusing on his point to state that, in as much as the professional employment (laborers) are seen in the general public as higher instructed individuals it brings struggle among us. Likewise making the negligible occupations look less important and challenged person our capacity to talk across social partitions. Hands on occupations are unquestionably increasingly powerful; without these sort of employments, it will be truly hard to correspondence and relate with various culture or society of people.it makes trust in the individuals who had almost no chance to have sound training. What makes us is the capacity to fit into the general public of various class, for example, privileged, white collar class and lower class. On the off chance that everybody are bound to be an attorney, specialist, legislator, broker, and so forth it w ill cause expansion in the general public, prompting absence of assorted variety in division of work and average quality in the general public. Taking a gander at it, we as a whole are equivalent and none is crucial of another. We as a whole need each other to endure be it hands on occupations or cushy employments. Making hands on occupations no less great than clerical employments. As rose notes, ‘’Broad information and instinct about the ways and the rhythms of the eatery business. Looking out for seven to nine tables, each with two to six clients, Rosie conceived memory methodologies so she could recollect who requested what. Furthermore, in light of the fact that she knew the normal time it took to get ready various dishes, she could screen a request that was taking excessively long at the administration station’’ (244). She was savvy and realized how to manage her laborers and furthermore client knowing at the top of the priority list she a family lady who got consideration from male client and tips on the most proficient method to manage their necessities. As per rose, ’’Joe took in the most effective approach to utilize his body by obtaining a lot of schedules that were snappy and protected vitality. Else he could never have made due on the line’’ (248). His uncle learned and showed himself how to be effective with time and furthermore maxima the best out of the material and still come out with an extraordinary consequence of creation. This can’t be scholarly at school rather it requiresâ first hand approach with the information on know-how, and make an expertise and set of work to come out dinner gainful. Taking all things together, it’s persuading that hand work makes range of abilities. It opens the brain to investigate and be experiences. Daring people gain result, on the grounds that once you come up short, you gain from your error and right yourself on the best way to go about it next time. It makes solid condition for correspondence through help offered to clients for example beautician, handyman, Welder, driver, body watch, excellence salon, house keeper. And so forth. Likewise shared comprehension is increased through hand motion, sign, picture and in any event, investing satisfactory energy to explain a point or thought.

Biology A2

College OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level * 2 3 0 8 9 6 9 7 3 * BIOLOGY Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. Peruse THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Center number, competitor number and name on all the work you turn in. Write in dull blue or dark ink. You may utilize a pencil for any outlines, charts or harsh working. Try not to utilize staples, paper cuts, highlighters, paste or rectification liquid. Try not to WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions.At the finish of the assessment, affix all your work safely together. The quantity of imprints is given in sections [ ] toward the finish of each question or part question. 9700/51 October/November 2011 1 hour 15 minutes For Examiner’s Use 1 2 Total This record comprises of 8 printed pages. DC (CB (SE/DJ)) 34786/4  © UCLES 2011 [Turn more than 2 1 Photosynthesis was explored in a types of unicellular alga utilizing the contraption appeared in Fig. 1. 1. suspension of unicellular green growth in water For Examiner’s Use 10. 0 light of known frequency oxygen test attractive stirrer Fig. 1. Two distinct strains of the types of alga were tried utilizing a scope of various frequencies of light. †¢ Light of realized frequency was gone through the cylinder containing green growth for two hours. The light transmission through the suspension and the oxygen focus were then estimated. light meter oxygen meter The outcomes were utilized to plot the ingestion range and the activity range for each strain of alga. Fig. 1. 2 shows these spectra. strain A strain B absorbance ingestion spectra 400 500 600 700 frequency of light/nm pace of photosynthesis activity spectra 400 500 600 700 frequency of light/nm Fig. . 2  © UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 3 (an) (I) State the two ward factors in this examination. 1. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [2] (ii) Apart from temperature and pH, which have little impact, state two factors that ought to be normalized during this examination. 1. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [2] (b) (I) Water with no suspended green growth transmits 100% of the light. State how the information to plot the assimilation range was gotten. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [1] (ii) State the information which would be utilized to plot the activity range. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. [1] The photosynthetic colors of the green growth were extricated and were isolated by two-way chromatography. The shades were first isolated by one dissolvable and afterward isolated again by a second dissolvable at right points to the main dissolvable. Fig. 1. 3. shows the outcomes for the two distinct strains. strain A dissolvable front 1 4 3 2 course of first dissolvable 1 root 6 1 inception 5 3 2 6 strain B 5 dissolvable front 1 For Examiner’s Use dissolvable front 2 bearing of second dissolvable Fig. . 3 dissolvable front 2 (c) Using the data in Fig. 1. 3, propose why utilizing two unique solvents gives a superior divis ion of these colors than simply utilizing one dissolvable. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. [2]  © UCLES 2011 9700/51/O/N/11 [Turn more than 4 (d) Outline a method that an understudy could use to remove the photosynthetic colors and acquire these chromatograms. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬

Magic Mushrooms Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help

Magic Mushrooms Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print What to Know About Magic Mushroom Use By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 31, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 26, 2019 farmer images / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Do Shrooms Do? Common Side Effects Signs of Use Myths & Common Questions Addiction & Withdrawal How to Get Help View All Back To Top Magic mushrooms are wild or cultivated mushrooms that contain psilocybin, a naturally-occurring psychoactive and hallucinogenic compound. Psilocybin is considered one of the most well-known psychedelics, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administrations.?? Psilocybin is classified as a Schedule I drug, meaning that has a high potential for misuse and has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Although certain cultures have known to use the hallucinogenic properties of some mushrooms for centuries, psilocybin was first isolated in 1958 by Dr. Albert Hofmann, who also discovered lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Magic mushrooms are often prepared by drying and are eaten by being mixed into food or drinks, although some people eat freshly picked magic mushrooms. Also Known As: Magic mushrooms are also known as shrooms, mushies, blue meanies, golden tops, liberty caps, philosophers stones, liberties, amani, and agaric. Drug Class: Psilocybin is classified as a hallucinogen. Common Side Effects: Magic mushrooms are known to cause nausea, yawning, feeling relaxed or drowsy, introspective experience, nervousness, paranoia, panic, hallucinations, and psychosis. How to Recognize Shrooms Mushrooms containing psilocybin look liked dried ordinary mushrooms with long, slender stems that are whitish-gray and dark brown caps with light brown or white in the center. Dried mushrooms are rusty brown with isolated areas of off-white. Magic mushrooms can be eaten, mixed with food, or brewed like tea for drinking. They can also be mixed with  cannabis  or  tobacco and smoked.Liquid psilocybin is also available, which is the naturally occurring psychedelic drug found in liberty caps. The liquid is clear brown and comes in a small vial. What Do Magic Mushrooms Do? Magic mushrooms are hallucinogenic drugs, meaning they can cause you to see, hear, and feel sensations that seem real but are not. The effects of magic mushrooms, however, are highly variable and believed to be influenced by environmental factors.?? Shrooms have a long history of being associated with spiritual experiences and self-discovery. Many believe that naturally occurring drugs like magic mushrooms, weed, and mescaline are sacred herbs that enable people to attain superior spiritual states. Others take magic mushrooms to experience a sense of euphoria, connection, and a distorted sense of time. The psilocybin found in shrooms is converted to psilocin in the body and is believed to influence serotonin levels in the brain, leading to altered and unusual perceptions. The effects take 20 to 40 minutes to begin and can last up to 6 hoursâ€"the same amount of time it takes for psilocin to be metabolized and excreted.??  A number of factors influence the effects of magic mushrooms, including dosage, age, weight, personality, emotional state, environment, and history of mental illness. What the Experts Say While magic mushrooms are often sought out for a peaceful high, shrooms have been reported to induce anxiety, frightening hallucinations, paranoia, and confusion in some.?? In fact, most hospital admissions related to the use of magic mushrooms are connected to what is known colloquially as a bad trip. Off-Label or Recently Approved Uses Magic mushrooms have been used for thousands of years for both spiritual and medicinal uses among indigenous people of America and Europe. In 2018, researchers from John Hopkins University recommended reclassification of the drug from Schedule I to Schedule IV in order to allow for medical use. Studies suggest that psilocybin can be used to treat cancer-related psychiatric distress, depression, anxiety, nicotine addiction, and substance use disorders.?? In 2019, Denver became the first city to decriminalize mushrooms. Oakland became the second city less than a month later. This does not mean that shrooms are legal but that the city is not permitted to spend resources to impose criminal penalties on people in possession of the drug. Common Side Effects All hallucinogens carry the risk of triggering mental and emotional problems and causing accidents while under the influence. Among adolescents, magic mushrooms are frequently taken in combination with alcohol and other drugs, increasing the psychological and physical risks. The amount of psilocybin and psilocin contained in any given magic mushroom is unknown, and mushrooms vary greatly in the amounts of psychoactive contents. This means its very hard to tell the length, intensity, and type of trip someone will experience. Consuming shrooms can result in a mild trip causing the user to feel relaxed or drowsy to a frightening experience, marked by hallucinations, delusions, and panic. In the worst-case scenario, magic mushrooms have even been known to cause convulsions.?? Side effects of magic mushrooms can include both physical and mental effects. Physical effects: NauseaYawningIncreased heart rate, blood pressure, and temperatureMuscle weaknessDrowsinessLack of coordinationDilated pupilsHeadaches Mental effects: EuphoriaHaving introspective (spiritual) experiencesHallucinations (visual or auditory)NervousnessParanoiaPanic reactionsDistorted sense of time, place, and realityPsychosis More research is needed on the long-term, lasting side effects of magic mushrooms but it has been reported that users can experience long-term changes in personality, as well as flashbacks long after taking mushrooms. Since magic mushrooms look similar to poisonous mushrooms, poisoning is yet another potential risk of taking these drugs. Mushroom poisoning can cause severe illness, organ damage, and even death. Its also common for magic mushroom products to be contaminated. A study of 886 samples alleged to be psilocybin mushrooms analyzed by Pharm Chem Street Drug Laboratory showed that only 252 (28%) were actually hallucinogenic, while 275 (31%) were regular store-bought mushrooms laced with LSD or phencyclidine (PCP), and 328 (37%) contained no drug at all.?? Help for Mushroom Poisoning If you suspect that you or someone you care about ate a poisonous mushroom, call poison control right away at 800-222-122. Don’t wait for symptoms to occur. They are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. Signs of Use If your loved one is using shrooms, they may be nauseous or appear nervous or paranoid. In the case of drug use, its always important to pay attention to any changes in sleeping and eating patterns as well as shifts in mood and personality and social activities. Is Your Teen Using Drugs? Look for These Warning Signs Myths Common Questions There are many myths about magic mushrooms. Some people believe, for example, that magic mushrooms are safer and produce a milder trip than other hallucinogenics. In fact, in addition to their potential to poison anyone who takes them, magic mushrooms are just as unpredictable in their effects as other drugs. Some people have reported much more intense and frightening hallucinations on magic mushrooms than on LSD. Many people also confuse fly agaric mushrooms with psilocybin-containing mushroomsâ€"but they are not the same. Fly agaric mushrooms contain the psychoactive chemicals ibotenic acid and muscimol, which are known to cause twitching, drooling, sweating, dizziness, vomiting, and delirium.??   Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal Like most drugs, the more you use magic mushrooms, the more tolerance you develop. Tolerance also develops quickly with regular use. This means that you need more of the drug to achieve the same effect.  Developing a tolerance can be especially risky with shrooms because consuming a large amount can result in overdose symptoms, which while not fatal, can include agitation, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, panic or paranoia, psychosis, and seizures. How Long Does Psilocybin Stay in Your System? The short-term effects of magic mushrooms typically wear off in 6 to 12 hours.??  But users can experience long-term changes in personality and flashbacks long after taking the drugs. The average  half-life  of psilocybin ranges from an hour to two, and it generally takes five to six half-lives for a substance to be eliminated from your system. The typical urine drug screening for employment does not test for psilocybin, but there are specific tests that can be ordered to test for the powerful hallucinogen.  Like many other drugs, magic mushrooms can be found in hair follicles for up to 90 days.??   How Long Does Psilocybin Stay in Your System? Addiction Psilocybin is not addictive and does not lead to compulsive use. This is partly because the drug can cause an intense “trip.” Plus, people can build a tolerance to psilocybin fairly quickly, making it hard to have any effect after several days of repeated use.?? Withdrawal While users rarely report physical symptoms of withdrawal when they stop using the drug, some experience psychological effects, which may include depression. How to Get Help If you suspect your teen is experimenting or regularly using magic mushrooms, consider having a firm yet loving conversation with them about the risks of psychedelics, especially when combined with alcohol or other drugs. At this time, it’s also important to emphasize that you are there to help and support them.

The Benefits Of Free Birth Control - 980 Words

Monica Varona English IV Rhonda Hill 20 July 2017 The Benefits of Free Birth Control Even though birth control is an important part of preventive health care, it can be difficult to attain. The options for a woman who is not covered by a health insurance provider are limited. Their best option is to receive a prescription at a clinic or to purchase forms of birth control at a Planned Parenthood center. Still, these women are left to cover the price of the pill that can range from $35-$200 a month, which does not include the cost of the clinic appointments (â€Å"Where Can I Buy?†). Therefore, birth control should be free because it provides health benefits for women, reduces poverty, decreases abortion rates, and saves money for taxpayers.†¦show more content†¦However, it is incorrect to assume that cutting funding to programs like Medicaid and Planned Parenthood are the way to save money. In fact, by providing care which included birth control, family planning clinics alone â€Å"helped prevent 2.2 million unplanned pregnancies in 2010† (Culp- Ressler). This study shows that it is more cost effective to supply birth control freely than it is to financially aid women in properly caring for unanticipated children. For example, in 2011, unplanned pregnancies nationwide totaled an average of $11 billion in costs for American taxpayers. However, reducing unintentional pregnancies averages to a total of $5.6 billion in savings (â€Å"Nation Pays Steep†). Therefore, a viable solution to attain these kinds of savings is it to prevent these accidental pregnancies in the first place which free birth control can do. Furthermore, cutting funding to Medicaid and family planning services is ineffective and additionally reduces the chances of a woman to attain birth control. Another benefit of free birth control is it can reduce poverty as well as decrease abortion rates. According to the Guttmacher Institute, around 75% of abortion patients in the United States are poor or low-income (â€Å"Abortion Patients More†). From experience, being a low-income family means focusing on essential items. Most likely, these women are not saving monthly for contraceptivesShow MoreRelatedFree And Accessible Birth Control1722 Words   |  7 PagesFree and Accessible Birth Control in the United States A total of 730,322 abortions were reported from the Centers for Disease Control in 2011. This could easily be resolved with proper usage of birth control. But the fact of the matter is that only 62% of women are actually using proper birth control, now this may seem like a lot of women, but there is 158.6 million women in the United States alone so 58.5 million are currently not on any birth control which is a huge amount of women. BirthRead MoreThe Issues Associated With Women s Rights1377 Words   |  6 Pagescommonly associated with women’s rights are: bodily integrity, free from sexual violence, voting rights, hold public office, to work, equal pay, reproductive rights, etc.(Legal Dictionary) birth control is to control of the number of children or offspring born especially by preventing or lessening the frequency of conception. (Merriam-Webster) The government should continue to allow women access to contraceptives because it reduces abortion, benefit to women, and prevents unwanted pregnancies. In the UnitedRead MoreArgumentative Essay Birth Controll Access1035 Words   |  5 Pages April 13, 2011 Birth Control Access to Teens Not everyone is ready to be a mother. Even at almost 30 I can honestly say I am not sure I am ready. I have a steady job and good insurance so paying for my contraceptive comes easy. Not everyone is as lucky. I couldn’t image myself being a mother and being responsible for another life at the age of 15 or even younger. There are millions of girls out there who cannot afford the cost of birth control and do not have access to itRead MoreBirth Control and the Government Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesparticular point of debate is the topic of birth control and the government. A dangerous couple, it raises the question of who should have control over contraceptive laws and what controls involving them should be put in place? Currently, under the Obama Administration, the Affordable Care Act and â€Å"Obamacare† have been created. One of the sections of this new plan creates a mandate which requires private businesses to provide insurance that covers birth control costs. The government should not be ableRead MoreBirth Control Persuasive Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesmessage is sent through regulation and poor modifications to progressive mandates such as Trump’s recent adjustments to the Affordable Care Act. These ‘adjustments’ or ‘new rules’ intend to provide an ‘out’ for employers who object to providing birth control coverage through their insurance policies. Employers now have the right to deny this coverage due to moral and/or religious reasons, but no documentation of this is required to opt out. This simple rule puts approximately 55 million women, currentlyRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )1462 Words   |  6 Pageslaw has passed, there have been many people affected. For example, the craft supply store, Hobby Lobby, opposed to the idea of providing their employees with free birth control benefits on top of the health plan that they provide for their employees. As a religious b ased company, they disapprove of offering their employees cost-free birth control because it is against their religious ideas. This issue was eventually brought into the Supreme Court. As the trial panned out, the court ruled in favor ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Affordable Care Act1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe Protection Patient and Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare) created by the Obama administration aimed at making birth control benefits accessible to as many women in the U.S. With Barack Obama’s presidency at an end and Donald Trump as the newly elected president of the United States, women under the Obamacare program now risk losing access to birth control benefits due to the Trump administration draft rule which now allows basically any employer to file a religious exemption from theRead MoreObama Birth Control957 Words   |  4 Pageswhere she worked, including birth control pills, IUD, Nexplanon, and more. If a woman works for a religious employer that obj ects on providing contraceptive services, the religious employer will not be required to provide but her insurance company will be required to directly offer her contraceptive care free of charge (â€Å"Fact Sheet†, 2012). Recently, under the Trump administration, President Donald Trump rolled back the federal requirement for employers to include birth control coverage in their healthRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Is Becoming A Problem921 Words   |  4 Pagessoultions that have been tried are parents talking to their teenegaers about sex and early parenthood. We have also tried to teach teenerages the importace of absence. Howevver, the best solution for this problem would be birth control and how easy it is to access birth control. For years parents have had the conversation of sex at an early age. However less and less parents are having this conversattions with their kids now. The problem with parents talking to their children is most teenagers areRead MoreThe Effects Of Hypnobirthing On Women During Labor1638 Words   |  7 Pageslevels as compared to other studies of hypnosis and childbirth. After program and childbirth completion, 90 program participants from Australia, women ranging in age from 24 to 42, who had had complication-free vaginal births, were sent a questionnaire asking for specific information on their birth experiences to be considered for the study. The survey results find that although HypnoBirthing participants have similar labor experiences to other women who use hypnosis for childbirth, the majority of

How Socially Useful Is Banking - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1712 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? For many companies in the real estate property development, the cost of construction equipment constitute the single most largest cost that can not be factored in to the final property price. Under current economic conditions, especially with respect to the housing market, developers must search every avenue for opportunities to minimize costs and maximize returns. Property developers have three basic options for meeting construction equipment needs needs: purchase the needed equipment, lease the needed equipment, or custom hire. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Socially Useful Is Banking" essay for you Create order Custom hire may work well for certain jobs, but often does not allow the amount of control many operations require. Like purchasing, leasing allows the real estate developer to maintain control of the timeliness and quality of the work conducted on their operation. Therefore real estate developer should evaluate leasing versus purchasing based on the economic opportunities that each provides. Discussion: Most leases consist of four basic components: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Periodic payment ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Length of lease ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Amount of use (hours, miles, etc.) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Residual Under a standard lease agreement, the lessee (real estate developer) agrees to pay the lessor (bank, credit corporation, dealer, etc.) a specified amount (payment) at certain intervals over a certain length of time. Three-year leases with annual payments are very common, but any arrangement is possible. The lease will generally specify the amount of annual use permitted under the base contract. The amount needed to purchase the equipment at the end of the lease is the residual. Any and all of the components are negotiable. Lease arrangements are based on an initial price for the equipment. As with purchases, developers should negotiate the best deal possible, then consider whether to lease or purchase based on the negotiated price. Just as a lower negotiated price lowers the costs associated with a purchase, a lower negotiated price lowers the costs associated with a lease. Once the initial price has been established, the components of the lease can be finalized. Ideally for a real estate developer the lease agreement should be such that it fits their projects needs. It is imperative for the developer to evaluate the lease contracts for use levels above and below the expected use in order to determine the most economic level. The length of the lease should be determined by the needs of the project at hand. Consideration should be given to the length of time the equipment will be needed, the ability or desire to operate machinery past warranty, planned changes in the project (termination, expansion, etc.), and residual value. The residual is often the confusing part of a lease. The residual is the amount owed on the equipment at the end of the lease. Generally, the lessee may purchase the equipment for the residual value. The lease will often be designed so the residual is equal to the expected appraised value of the machinery at the end of the lease. The periodic lease payments will reflect the amount of the equipment used up during the lease term. Therefore, additional costs associated with excessive wear (hours, miles, etc.) or abuses over and above those designated in the base lease are usually quite expensive. Of course, the residual and the lease payments reflect a lease factor or discount rate. This discount rate may or may not be consistent with the interest rate of a purchase. If the desire is to purchase the equipment after the lease period, then the lessee may try to negotiate a lower residual as a result of higher payments. Depending on an individuals tax situation, this may be an attractive option; however, the tax man will not allow tax credits for leases if up front consideration is given to purchasing. Cost comparison example: When an asset is leased, the lessee loses the tax benefits of depreciation and interest associated with purchasing. However, the real estate developer can still deduct the full amount of the lease payment from taxable income as an operating expense. Determining which alternative provides the greater tax benefit is where the decision becomes most complicated. As a precaution, be sure to consult your accountant before signing a lease. There are a variety of leases, and many ways to interpret them for tax purposes. Most tax benefits associated with leasing and purchasing occur in the future. Therefore, the net cost of each alternative should be analyzed in terms of present dollars. Net present value (NPV) techniques can be used to compare the two options. In other words, the question of whether to lease or borrow can be answered by comparing the present values of the net cash outflows of lease payments and loan payments. In a lease versus purchase decision, the option with the lowest ne t present value of expense should be chosen. Choosing between Leasing and Purchasing: Getaway Real estate developers pay corporate tax at the rate of 40%. They need to purchase construction equipment to expand their business given they are still a small start up. Getaway employs the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MARCS) 150% declining balance method to compute depreciation. The construction equipments costs $1,250,000 and have a life of seven years. Getaway could either borrow and buy the equipments or lease them. Since insurance, taxes, fees and normal maintenance costs apply whether the equipment is leased or purchased, this are ignored in the analysis. Buy and borrow option; For this option, the underlying assumption is that Getaway will borrow the funds from a financial institution. The interest rate applicable is 8.75% and the financial institution requires a down payment of 25% to finance the deal. The repayment period will be for the life of the equipment-seven (7) years. Given that interest is a tax-deductable expense, it is necessary to calculate the annual interest that accrues on the borrowed money. Thus the yearly loan payment is calculated on the basis of equal loan and principal payments. Lease option; Getaway can get a lease contract for an annual payment of $208,440. This yearly payment was derived from a lease factor of 0.16675 provided by the lessor. Additionally, the terms put the lease time frame to be seven (7) years with a ten (10) percent residual at the end of the lease. The NPV of the lease expenditure-construction equipment; Year Tax Payment Cash Benefit PIVF Outflows PV of Cash @ 5% Outflows 0 208,440.00 208,440.00 1.000 208,440.00 1 208,440.00 97,133.00 111,307.00 0.952 105,964.26 2 208,440.00 97,133.00 111,307.00 0.907 100,955.45 3 208,440.00 97,133.00 111,307.00 0.864 96,169.25 4 208,440.00 97,133.00 111,307.00 0.823 91,605.66 5 208,440.00 97,133.00 111,307.00 0.784 87,264.69 6 208,440.00 97,133.00 111,307.00 0.746 83,035.02 7 125,000.00 97,133.00 27,867.00 0.711 19,813.44 Totals 1,584,080.00 679,931.00 904,149.00 793,247.77 The tax benefit of lease payments is given in column 3 and is arrived at by multiplying the lease payments in column 2 with the tax rate (46.6%). The Cash outflow in column 4 is the lease payment less the tax benefit. A present value of 5% is used to discount the cash outflows. Note that 5 percent is the after-tax cost of borrowing at 8.75 percent (8.75 % x (1- 0.466) = 5%). The reason for using 5 percent for the after-tax cost of borrowing is that the cash outflows include the tax benefit. To avoid counting the tax benefit twice, cash outflows should always be discounted at an after-tax rate, which in this example is about 5 percent. This method of determining to use 5 percent is debatable, but preferred. In some cases, the current rate of inflation is used. The total present value of the lease option is $793,248. NPV (in $) of Purchase with Equal Principal Payments Construction equipment (Loan Amount: $937,500) Year Loan Payment Interest Depreciation Ded. Exp @46.6% Tax Benefit per month Net Loan @ 5% PV Repayment after tax PV of Loan after Tax 0 312,500.00 1.00 312,500.00 1 215,960.00 82,030.00 133,930.00 215,960.00 100,630.00 115,322.60 0.952 109,787.20 2 204,240.00 70,310.00 239,130.00 309,440.00 144,199.00 60,041.00 0.907 54,457.20 3 192,520.00 58,590.00 187,880.00 246,470.00 114,855.00 77,665.00 0.864 67,102.50 4 180,800.00 46,880.00 153,130.00 200,010.00 93,204.70 87,595.30 0.823 72,091.00 5 169,080.00 35,160.00 153,130.00 188,290.00 87,743.10 81,336.90 0.784 63,768.10 6 157,370.00 23,440.00 153,130.00 176,570.00 82,281.60 75,088.40 0.746 56,015.90 7 145,650.00 11,720.00 153,130.00 164,850.00 76,820.10 68,829.90 0.711 48,938.10 1,578,120.00 328,130.00 1,173,460.00 1,501,590.00 699,733.50 565,879.10 784,660.00 NPV (in $) of Purchase with Equal Payments Center Pivot (Loan Amount: $937,500) Year Loan Payment Interest Depreciation Ded. Exp @46.6% Tax Benefit per month Net Loan @ 5% after Tax PV Re-payment PV of Loan after Tax 0 312,500.00 1.000 312,500.00 1 184,710.00 82,030.00 133,930.00 215,960.00 100,637.40 84,072.60 0.952 80,037.20 2 184,710.00 73,050.00 239,130.00 312,180.00 145,475.90 39,234.10 0.907 35,585.30 3 184,710.00 63,280.00 187,880.00 251,160.00 117,040.60 67,669.40 0.864 58,466.40 4 184,710.00 52,650.00 153,130.00 205,780.00 95,893.50 88,816.50 0.823 73,096.00 5 184,710.00 41,090.00 153,130.00 194,220.00 90,506.50 94,203.50 0.784 73,855.50 6 184,710.00 28,530.00 153,130.00 181,660.00 84,653.60 100,056.40 0.746 74,642.10 7 184,710.00 14,860.00 153,130.00 167,990.00 78,283.30 106,426.70 0.711 75,669.40 1,605,470.00 355,490.00 1,173,460.00 1,528,950.00 712,490.80 580,479.20 783,851.90 Including the down payment in the cash outflows for each loan scenario, total outlay is $1,578,120 and $1,605,470. This establishes the purchase option with the lowest cash outlay. The lease will have seven (7) payments of $208,440. Typically, the first payment is due at signing, which is assumed in this example. Also, as mentioned earlier, the lease includes a residual ($1,250,000) which is 10 percent of the entire principal of $1,250,000. Because center-pivots are used in this discussion, assume that the farmer will pay the residual and thus own the pivot at the end of the lease. Again, paying the residual is optional. If the farmer decided not to pay this, the lessor would retain ownership of the center-pivot. Thus, with the residual payment included, total cash outlay for the lease is $1,584,080. Given the analysis, it would seem obvious that the lease would be preferable to a fully amortized loan and only $5,960 less preferable than a loan with equal principal payments. However, the final decision should be made using the net present value approach. Net Present Value of Loan Payments In NPV of Purchase with Equal Principal Payments table and NPV of Purchase with Equal Payments, column 2 gives the annual loan repayment from which the tax benefit of interest and depreciation should be deducted. The tax benefit, as shown in column 6, is calculated by multiplying the interest and depreciation expenses by the tax rate of 46.6 percent. By subtracting the tax benefit from the annual loan repayment, the loan repayment after tax is shown in column 7. In column 9, the present value of loan repayments has been determined, using the present value interest factor of 5 percent, to obtain a total value of $784,660 for a loan with equal principal payments and $783,852 for a loan with equal payments. As stated earlier, the decision process is: 1. If NPV lease NPV purchase, borrow and buy the equipment. 2. If NPV lease NPV purchase, lease the equipment. Because the present value of the purchase expenditure $784,660 or $783,852 is lower than $793,248 (lease), the purchase option is more economical. XYZ Farms could save as much as $940 in current dollars by purchasing rather than leasing the pivots ($793,248-$783,852=$9,396). Obviously, $9,396 is not a significant savings for this level of investment. However, this analysis has exposed some points for consideration. For example, it is easy to say that the cash expense of the lease option is $2,139 less than a fully amortized loan ($1,605,470-$1,584,080 = $21,390, Column 2 in Tables 1 3). One could also say it would be $596 less expensive to structure a loan with equal principal payments ($1,584,080-$1,578,120 = $5,960). However, simply looking at the cash outlay for each alternative is only scratching the surface. Consideration must be given to the tax benefits of both leasing and purchasing. In the example, purchasing proved to be the best choice over leasing, no matter how the loan payments were structured

Of Mice and Men Compare and Contrast Free Essays

The book, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, is about two men named George and Lennie who are living in the time of the Great Depression. They travel together and after they get themselves into trouble in the city of Weed, they moved to work on a ranch. There is also a movie, â€Å"Of Mice and Men,† that is based off of the book. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men Compare and Contrast or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many themes in the story, one of them being power. The movie differs slightly from the book in the fact that it has fewer examples showing the importance of power, unlike the book where there are many instances of power. First off, power is shown, or in some instances not shown, in the characters. In both the book and the movie, George has a certain power over Lennie. He acts as his father: reprimanding him, protecting him, and telling him what to do for his own good like a normal father would have. A second character that supports the theme of power in the book and movie is Lennie. Although he doesn’t have a lot of logical power, he is a very physically powerful person in the movie and book. He’s tall, strong built, and just all around a big guy that can do a tremendous amount of physical labor. Another similarity between the book and movie relating to power is Curly, the boss’s son. He’s a very small man that likes to order people around and has the reputation of beating up bigger guys. Even though there are multiple examples of characters showing power in both the book and movie, there is an example of when the movie makes the theme less relevant to the story. In the book, Lennie has the power to remember to go to the brush, where George told him to go if he got into any trouble. But, in the movie, it was so that Lennie was lost and couldn’t find the brush. It made Lennie seem more vulnerable and with less logical power than in the book where he proved himself, aside from his challenges. The second subject that the theme is shown in is events. The events are both alike and different within the book and movie. In both the book and movie, George talks for Lennie in front of the boss when they first arrive at the ranch. He’s worried that Lennie will say something to reveal that he isn’t the smartest person and that it might prevent them from working there. A similarity is also the fact that when George and Lennie were ran out of Weed, they were being chased for no reason other than the word of the girl that Lennie accidentally scared. He had no intension of hurting her and never did, yet she still had the power to manipulate everyone to think that she was assaulted by Him. The last similarity of events that illustrate power is when Lennie accidentally kills the mice, the puppy, and Curly’s wife. He had so much physical power and didn’t know his own strength that he would kill living things before even realizing what was happening. This got him into a lot of trouble eventually. A significant difference in events that proves the importance power is that in the book, Curly’s wife who was originally looked at as a feeble, vulnerable woman with no power over anyone, all of a sudden demonstrated a great deal of authority over one of the black workers, Crooks. This was a very sudden turnaround in authority and changed the reader’s view about her. This happening never occurred in the movie and tremendously changed the outlook of power from the book. The last topic that displays the value of power is the details of the story. The first thing is that in both the movie and book Curly’s wife does not have a name. This may have been to imply that her name had little importance or power over the story. Her impact of getting Lennie killed from him accidentally killing her had nothing to do with her name. Another detail is that the stable keeper was African-American. This shows a lack of power in the movie and book because he was forced to live by himself and had no impact on the decisions or thoughts of the other men simply because of his race. A third detail is that George was much smaller than Lennie in both portrayals of the story, yet he had power over Lennie as if he was his father. This shows that even though one may be very powerful in a certain way like Lennie, they can still be controlled by someone that possibly had more confidence. All in all, the movie weighs the importance of power to some extent less than the book does. Both the book and movie’s characters are generally the same, except the book shows Lennie with more logical power than the movie does for when Lennie runs back to the brush to meet George. The events are very much alike also. But, the movie is lacking the event of Curly’s wife showing power over Crooks in his own cabin, which dramatically impacts the atmosphere of the story. The book and movie also have similar details showing power like Curly’s wife not having a name, Crooks not having a lot of power because of his race, and little George having power over Lennie. All these subjects help communicate how the movie and book relate to each other for showing power. How to cite Of Mice and Men Compare and Contrast, Essay examples

The Demand and Supply of Certain Resources in India Free-Samples

Questions: Discuss about the Demand and Supply of Certain Resources in India. Answer: Essence of the Story Demand and supply are two important concepts in the area of economics. Both these factors are interconnected and have major effects on one another. The demand of a product and service directly influence the supply of that product and service. The supply of a product or service is directly linked to the demand of a particular product or service. Along with this, the increased demand of a product will increase the supply of a product in an automatic manner. The high demand of a product will increase the price of a product or service in a specified time period. Apart from this, the decreased demand of a product will reduce the supply and price of that product usually. These both demand and supply factors are unified and it is very hard to separate them. Moreover, all the nations all around the world depend on each other to fulfill their demand and supply requirements in an effectual manner. The export and import of products or services not only fulfill the demand and supply needs; but b oost the economy of nations as well. Furthermore, this research essay is useful to portray the demand and supply of certain resources in the context of India. Economic Analysis In this world, all the nations depend on each other to fulfill their needs related to products or services. There is no such nation that does not depend on another to meet its requirements effectively. India is the biggest example of such nation. India depends on other nations to fulfill its demand related to energy sources including oil, natural gas, petroleum, electricity, coal, and so on. The main reason of the dependency is that India does not make huge investments in renewable forms of energy sources(Soni, 2014). Along with this, the domestic production of crude oil of India is lower in comparison to its consumption (demand). The consumption of crude oil has increased by 8% in the year 2015. As a consequence, the imports of crude oil have enlarged approximately 510,000 b/d from the year 2010 - 2013. Moreover, it is also predicted that these imports will increase regularly in the upcoming years. The below graph is helpful to show the energy consumption of India in a proper manner : (Source: (Bhattacharya, 2016) On the other hand, according to the report of ESU (Economist Intelligence Unit), India is the fourth biggest importer of crude oil in the world. India mainly depends on Middle East to meet its demand of crude oil effectively. Moreover, there can be seen a big gap between the consumption (demand) and production (supply) of crude oil (Kumar Vimala, 2016). As per the report, the demand of crude oil has been reached almost 3.7 million barrels per day. But, the production of crude oil can be seen 1 million barrels per day. By considering these facts, the EIA (Energy Information Administration) estimates that, the demand of crude oil would be double by the year 2040. The Indian energy companies have diversified their supply sources because of the high dependency of crude oil on other nations (Bhattacharya, 2016). Moreover, the below graph is valuable to portray a wide gap between the demand and supply of petroleum and other liquids effectively. (Source:(MarEx, 2014) In addition to this, coal is considered as the most abundant and key component of the energy matrix of India. In other words, it is also can be said that, the energy mix of the nation relies on coal. Coal is the prime energy source within nation; and it is expected that the demand for coal will increase continuously. Moreover, it should also be noted down that, India is the fourth biggest coal reserves all around the world. It is the cheapest suppliers of coal in the world(Sharma, 2014). Apart from this, India relies on other nations for coal because it requires coal as a major input in the industrial production sectors such as: steel, textiles, cement, transportation equipment, etc. The production sectors of India are growing by 7.9% per annum. As a result, India depends on other nations to meet its requirements of coal in an appropriate manner. On the other hand, India relies on other nations for natural gas resources. It is because of the nation has limited natural gas resources. Moreover, natural gas resources are the second major energy sources after coal. India needs lot of gas resources due to the industrial production sectors. In India, the consumption (demand) of natural gas resources is high than the production (supply). So, India depends mainly on Russia to fulfill its demand of natural gas resources effectively. Moreover, according to EIA, in upcoming years, the production of natural gas will increase by 3.5% per annum in India. But, the consumption of natural gas will increase by 4.8% per annum. These percentage data shows enormous supply shortage that India might face in upcoming year. In consequence, imports can be anticipated to increase in future time period. Along with this, India depends on other notation to fulfill its demand related to petroleum electricity, refined products, and so on. The below graph is helpful to portray the projected demand related to energy sources of India. India is highly dependent on other nations to fulfill its demand related to energy source. The policy makers of the nation should make investment in the renewable forms of energy. Moreover, increased investment in these fields is essential to boost the economy and to reduce the dependency of nation on other countries. Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis, it can be concluded that, India relies on other nations to fulfill its needs related to crude oil, coal, natural gas, petroleum and so on. The demand of energy source is high in India. The production of these resources is lower than the consumption. So, other nations import energy resources to meet the demand of India in an effectual and an adequate manner. Along with this, it is also recommended that the, policy holders of the nation must make appropriate policies and strategies to reduce the dependency of India on other nations. Bibliography Bhattacharya, G. (2016). Natural gas, unconventional resources can assist India in meeting future energy demand. Retrieved from https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-114/issue-11/exploration-development/natural-gas-unconventional-resources-can-assist-india-in-meeting-future-energy-demand.html Kumar, R., Vimala. (2016). ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA-RECENT TRENDS. Asia Pacific Journal of Research , I (XXXVI), 140-151. MarEx. (2014). India's Oil Supply and Demand Gap Widening. Retrieved from https://maritime-executive.com/article/indias-oil-supply-and-demand-gap-widening-2014-07-01 Sharma, S. V. (2014). Energy Trade Practices in India: Review of Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers in Relation to ASEAN. ERIA Research Project Report FY2013 (29), 27-62. Soni, A. (2014). Global Oil Markets and Indias Vulnerability to Oil Shocks. 1-30.